47,XXY

This Web site contains a variety of resources that are directed to individuals and/or families who are affected by 47,XXY.  In this regard, some portions of this site address KS&A and/or X and Y chromosome aneuploidy generally.  Most users find that this information is best accessed by using the navigation system that runs horizontally across the top of each page and down the left-hand column.

Other portions of this site focus on a single condition.  In this regard, the following sections of this site specifically address 47,XXY -

• Brief Introduction to 47,XXY
• Annotated reading list for 47,XXY
• Announcements of upcoming events addressing 47,XXY
• Research studies and clinical trials that are expressly directed to 47,XXY
• Read stories about other individuals and families dealing with 47,XXY
• Find health professionals with experience in addressing 47,XXY
• Find educational advocates who’ve had experience with 47,XXY
• Find a local support group addressing 47,XXY
• Insurance and supplemental benefits for individuals with 47,XXY
• Other Resources for Individuals and Families Dealing with 47,XXY

Brief Introduction to 47,XXY

In 1942, a young doctor by the name of Harry Klinefelter was assigned to work with Dr. Fuller Albright – commonly considered to be the father of endocrinology – at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.  During the course of his fellowship, Dr. Klinefelter examined and subsequently prepared a case study concerning nine adult men with a common set of symptoms.  Dr. Albright encouraged his young associate to be the lead author on the study, which was published in the November 1942 issue of The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, and the combination of symptoms that Dr. Klinefelter described therein has since been referred to as “Klinefelter syndrome.” (1)

Over 14 years after Dr. Klinefelter published his case study, in 1956, Drs. Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Lavan confirmed that there were 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.  Up until that time, it had been thought that there were 48 chromosomes, but using a more advanced experiemental methodology, Tjio and Lavan were able to confirm that there were, in fact, only 46 chromomsome.  (2) This discovery by Tjio and Lavan is generally considered to be the beginning of modern “cytogenetics,” which is the study of chromosomes and the diseases caused by either numerical and/or structural abnormalities in them.

Three years later, in 1959, a young English researcher named Patricia Jacobs and her associate published a study correlating 47 chromosomes - that is one more than commonly found in humans - with Klinefelter syndrome. (3) Because the extra chromosome Dr. Jabobs discovered was an extra X, the karyotype for an individual born with this aneuploidy condition is referred to as “47,XXY.”

Are 47,XXY and Klinefelter syndrome the same thing?

If all persons with the set of symptoms described by Dr. Klinefelter had an extra X chromosome, or if all persons born 47,XXY had the symptoms described by Dr. Klinefelter, then the two terms would be interchangeable.  However, this is not the case.  Consider the following two questions -

• Does everyone with Klinefelter syndrome have an extra X chromosome?

  The answer is “No.” In 1985, Dr. Klinefelter published an article in which he summarized what had been learned about the condition during the more than 40 years since his having first identified the condition.  Dr. Klinefelter wrote: “the syndrome has been found to be a chromosomal disorder, in which there is an extra X chromosome in 80% of the patients.” (4)

• Does everyone born with an extra X chromosome have Klinefelter syndrome?

  This answer is “No.” Females born with an extra X chromosome are Trisomy X; and while all males who are born with an extra X chromosome are at risk of developing Klinefelter syndrome, for currently unexplained reasons, there is broad phenotypic variability and many of these 47,XXY inviduals may not develop one or more of the distinguishing signs and symptoms of the condition.

According to the latest estimates, the incidence level of 47,XXY is approximately 1 out of 500 live birth males. (5)

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Other Resources for Individuals and Families Dealing with 47,XXY

Information on this website is updated regularly, including based on the input of other individuals and families dealing this same condition.  Accordingly, users are encouraged to check back often and to consider participating in any of the following free support services -

• KS&A’s Online Discussion Groups
• Talks with leading experts
• Learn more about KS&A’s Program Coordinators for 47,XXY
• Contact KS&A’s Program Coordinator for the Adolescent and Pediatric Population
• Contact KS&A’s Program Coordinator for the Adult Population

If you have any suggestions concerning ways that we can improve this site, or if you have some extra time and would consider participating in KS&A as a volunteer, see Giving Your Time.

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(1) Harry F. Klinefelter, E. C. Reifenstein and Fuller Albright, “Syndrome Characterised by Gynecomastia, Aspermatogenesis with A-Leydigism, and Increased Excretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 1942, 2: 615-627.  These symptoms included “small testes, sterility, increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and usually gynecomastia.” To these symptoms, was later added [list and cite].

(2) Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan, “The Chromosome Number of Man,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1956, 130:723-724.

(3) Patricia A. Jacobs and J. A. Strong, “A Case of Human Intersexuality Having a Possible XXY Sex-determining Mechanism,” Nature, 1959, 183: 302-303.

(4) Harry F. Klinefelter, “Klinefelter’s Syndrome: Historical Background and Development,” Proceedings of the 79th Annual Scientific Assembly, Southern Medical Association, Section on Medicine, November 1985 (Article published September 1986, at pages 1089-93).  In this 40-year review of what had taken place in the field since his initial paper, Dr. Klinefeleter states that about 80% of the persons who had Klinefelter syndrome were 47,XXY.  It is well known that there is broad variability in 47,XXY males.

(5) [Cite]